Mans Identity According to Nietszche in Comparison to...

Mans Identity According to Nietszche in Comparison to Marxs and Societys Definition Friedrich Nietzsche wrote The Anti-Christ as a response to his own outrage concerning mans Christian-influenced values on life. Nietzsche saw Christianity as the leading cause of the problems with mankind. All the teachings of Christianity were contrary to the ways in which Nietzsche felt man should act and behave. His focus in The Anti-Christ is on this fact that Christianity is the root of all that is wrong with the world. His perspective on what defines an individual, particularly an ideal individual, differs greatly from that of Christian societys definition. Also, in contrast, Nietzsches idea of what makes up a mans identity disagrees†¦show more content†¦This society gives each person the same definition of right and wrong, with the expectation that every individual will comply. Members of society are expected to fit into the mold and act accordingly. When a persons actions go against societys norms, the person is punished and looked down upon by the society. S uch tools as the conscience and guilt are used by Christian society to force people into following its values and rules. Those at the head of Christian society, particularly Paul, who developed and created their own definitions of good and evil in the beginning expect other individuals in the future to follow a code of morals that is not personalized. Therefore these members of society have difficulty following along with the majoritys morals and are then made to feel guilty and evil for having different ideas of what morality is. In society, particularly Christian society, the idea of an individual is nonexistent to Nietzsche. Each person is not allowed his own idea of right and wrong and is expected to follow certain truths that he himself did not discover, but only accepted as being the truth. Nietzsche saw truth as an individual discovery or belief that a person must find alone. This internal truth can only be found if one throws away all prior preconceived notions about mo rality. By realizing that man is of this world and a part of nature, a person can focus on this life. Since Christianitys teachings focus heavily on the

Persuasion, Manipulation, and Ethics Free Essays

There is a thin line that goes between persuasion, manipulation, and being downright unethical. There is a huge difference between what is persuasive and what is manipulative or unethical. However, there is a certain degree wherein these ideas come into a junction. We will write a custom essay sample on Persuasion, Manipulation, and Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Perhaps, the shared meaning between these words is influenced and is dependent on the objective and the intention of the speaker. To be clear on the similarities and or differences of these words, the definition of each must be placed into position. Persuasion is an act of influencing or pleading others to understand and recognize certain ideologies, beliefs, viewpoints, etc. Manipulation, on the other hand, is a form of social control wherein others are dealt with forcefully, capably, or cleverly, to bring about an end that is beneficial to the manipulator. (Merriam-Webster, 2008) Judging by the definition of the word ‘manipulation’ makes it unethical. If persuasion were a form of influence, then it would be accurate to establish the idea that in persuading an audience, there is a sense of sending out information and enlightening the audience to sway and encourage them to believe in or adhere to an idea. Manipulation on the other hand is a more dynamic  Ã‚  Ã‚   way of bringing about action and change to the audience. (Sager, 2008) If it is a cleverly way to win over an audience and controlling them to accomplish an objective, it would also be precise to establish the idea that in manipulation, there might be a tendency to go beyond what is ethical, such as covering-up the truth, to make people believe in or adhere to an idea. (Maxfield, 2007) Somehow, persuasion and manipulation are one in the same in the sense that both ideas are common in their objectives and purpose, and that is to cause change behaviorally or ideologically speaking to their audience. The difference between the two lies in their means of carrying out this objective. Persuasion is only a part of the bigger picture and that is manipulation. However, persuading an audience does not make it manipulation or an unethical act. References Maxfield, D. (2007). Influence vs. Persuasion and Manipulation. Retrieved: February 28, 2008, from InfluencerBook. Website: http://www.influencerbook.com/blog/influencer/1191540540000.html Merriam-Webster. (2008). Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved: February 28, 2008, from Merriam-Webster Incorporated. Website: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/manipulate Sager, Lynn Marie. (2008). Persuasion Versus Manipulation – What’s the Difference?. Retrieved: February 28, 2008, from EzineArticles. Website: http://ezinearticles.com/?Persuasion-Versus-Manipulation—Whats-the-Difference?id=980122       How to cite Persuasion, Manipulation, and Ethics, Essay examples

Faulkner and Shakespeare free essay sample

This paper compares William Faulkners novel, The Sound and the Fury, to William Shakespeares play, Macbeth. This paper introduces, discusses and compares the novel The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner to the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare. It specifically looks at how the allusion to Macbeth adds to the mood and theme of the novel. This paper examines the many different ways that Faulkner weaves different themes from Macbeth into his own novel. The dysfunctional family in the novel and the mothers striking resemblance to Lady Macbeth are two examples of Faulkners work. Benjy narrates the first chapter of the book, so it is extremely difficult to follow, and understand. Indeed, this is the section of the book that is Told by an idiot, but it is more than that. This disjointed chapter sets the stage for the rest of the novel. We learn about the family through the simplest of minds, and perhaps know them better after reading this first chapter, than at any other time in the book. We will write a custom essay sample on Faulkner and Shakespeare or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Benjy is the family idiot, he still has memories and feelings, and only sees people for what they are, not how they want others to see them. We already understand that Caddy and Quentin are extremely close, that Benjy looks on his sister as a mother figure, and that Jason is often at the edge of the family, the other siblings push him away.

Romeo And Juliet Essays (372 words) - Characters In Romeo And Juliet

Romeo And Juliet "Romeo and Juliet is a play about two silly, immature teenagers who lack common sense. Therefore, the play expresses the danger of a love in which two people become the whole world to one another." To what extent do you agree or disagree? The story of Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy. The two lovers go against their families and against their hate to be together but they don't think about the consequences, which in the end are devastating. Romeo and Juliet engage in a love that they believe is the one true love. They don't even know each other and don't know each others personality so they can only be attracted sexually. Instead of taking things slowly and getting to know each other or on the other hand engage in a type of relationship just to satisfy each others desires they act like they have known each other for a long time and that they can't live one without the other. At the start of the play we see that Romeo is in love with Roseline and that he only talks about her but when he meets Juliet at the party he totally forgets Roseline and falls in love with Juliet. Friar Laurence clearly states this to Romeo: "Is Rosaline, whom thou didst love so dear, so soon forsaken? Young men's love then lies not truly in their hearts, but in their eyes". This is exactly how Romeo behaves. Juliet on the other hand had to marry Count Paris so her love with Romeo is simply a way to get out of it. She never had a relationship with a man and she didn't like to have her first and only relationship with a man her parents arranged for her. She wanted freedom and Romeo was her ticket to it. During the story Romeo and Juliet convince them selves to be in love with each other and they become obsessed, not with the love for each other, but with the fact of being in love with each other. Young people like to do forbidden things it gives them a feeling of exhilaration and freedom and that's exactly what Romeo and Juliet were doing. They did what they were not supposed to be doing without thinking about the consequences and simply hoping for the best. In the end their acts concluded to their own deaths.

Love and violence in romeo and juliet essays

Love and violence in romeo and juliet essays Romeo and Juliet, a play by William Shakespeare, is often referred to as the greatest love story of all time. It presents love and hate as equally potent forces of nature. The powerful nature of love can be seen in the way it is described, or more accurately, in the way descriptions consistently fail to capture it in its entirety. Juliet says of love, But my true love is grown to such excess I cannot sum up half of my wealth (3, I, 33-44) In other words, love is too powerful to be so easily contained or understood. This play portrays the chaos of being in love. However, the play also combines extreme images of violence and death. For instance, the Capulet and Montague families have held a long-time grudge against each other that is assumed to have existed for hundreds of years, and is the impetus of what strives to keep Romeo and Juliet away from each other. This paper seeks to examine what is achieved by the connections between love and violence. For clarity, I will be including death as a measure of violence, because death by violence is violence in its most potent form. Throughout the play, love seems to push the two lovers closer to violence, not further away from it. Love and violence are intertwined from the first moment Romeo and Juliet are together at the Capulets party. Romeo has crashed the party hoping to see his beloved Rosaline, but catches a glimpse of Juliet instead, and falls instantly in love with her. Oh she that doth teach the torches to burn bright... The measure done, Ill watch her place of stand, And touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. (1, v, 42-51) However, only a few lines later sees Tybalt and intends to kill Romeo, the very moment he sees him at the party: This by his voice should be a Montague. ...

Ideas for Science Fair Projects Using Animals

Ideas for Science Fair Projects Using Animals Animals are great subjects for science fair projects, particularly if you have a pet or an interest in zoology. Do you want to do a science fair project with your pet or another type of animal? Here is a collection of ideas that you can use for your project. Are insects attracted to/repelled by a magnet? Does the presence of a magnetic field affect egg hatching rates of insect or other animal eggs?Do pet fish have a color preference for their food? (This assumes you can separate out the colors of a food.) Do pet birds have a color preference for their toys?What type of soil do earthworms prefer?What natural substances repel insect pests? Examples of insects to test include mosquitoes, ants or flies.On a related note, what substances might be used to attract and trap flies, beetles or other pests?Do animals display handedness (right-handed, left-handed) like humans? You can test this with a cat and a toy, for example.Are cockroaches (or other insects or creatures) attracted to or repelled by light? You probably already suspect cockroaches prefer dark. What other stimuli could you test? Does it matter if it is white light or would you get the same response from specific colors of light? You could test other types of stimuli, such as music, noise, vibration, heat, cold. You get the idea. An advanced version of the cockroach project is to select insects that dont run from light (for example). If you allow these insects to mate and keep selecting progeny that doesnt evade light, can you obtain a culture of cockroaches that dont mind light?Test household insect repellents.Can dogs or cats or birds hear ultrasonic insect and rodent repellent devices?What methods serve to disrupt the chemical trail that ants follow?How many nematodes (roundworms) are there in a soil sample from your backyard? What are the pros and cons of having these organisms in the soil?Do hummingbirds have a color preference for their food?What type of light attracts the most moths?Does catnip repel insects? If so, which types? Know the Rules Before you start any science fair project involving animals, make sure it is okay with your school or whoever is in charge of the science fair. Projects with animals may be prohibited or they may require special approval or permission. Its better to make sure your project is acceptable before you get to work! A Note on Ethics Science fairs that allow projects with animals will expect you to treat the animals in an ethical manner. The safest type of project is one which involves observing natural behavior of animals or, in the case of pets, interacting with animals in a usual manner. Dont do science fair project that involves harming or killing an animal or puts an animal at risk for injury. As an example, it may be fine to examine data on how much of an earthworm can be cut before the worm becomes unable to regenerate and dies. Actually performing such an experiment probably wont be allowed for most science fairs. In any case, there are lots of projects you can do that dont involve ethical concerns. Take Pictures You may be unable to bring your animal science fair project to the school or otherwise put it on display, yet youll want visual aids for your presentation. Take lots of pictures of your project. For some projects, you may be able to bring in preserved specimens or examples of fur or feathers, etc.

Which theories are most effective in explaining the global politics of Essay

Which theories are most effective in explaining the global politics of the environment - Essay Example The main literature on global governance and states is embedded in the international relations theories of the global politics of the environment. In addition, the global politics of the environment emphasis the ecological impact of the global political economy in the politics of corporations, trade, growth, financing and consumption. The field of global politics of environment demonstrates the literature on the environmental security, civil societies, ethics and global governance (Kutting 2011, p.126). The above broad definition of the global politics of the environment suffers various challenges since it requires a lot of time and intellectual flexibility of the analyst. For a period of 150 years, global politics of environment have been part of the world’s agenda. Various nations debated on the effective use of national lands and therefore, the impacts of environmental and industrialization has increased. In addition, the field of environmental politics has expanded its ran ge and it covers a wide range of political action, which ranges from the decisions on the local level land use to the global controls over the emissions of carbon dioxide. As a result, the study of global politics of environment is comprised of various issues across all political arenas. There are various tools used to explain the topic of global politics on environment and some of the intellectual tools range from the legal studies to the geospatial analysis. This essay seeks to explain the effective theoretical approaches, which are used to explain global politics of the environment and the various key research topics in environmental politics. Notably, there is no specific definition of environmentalism. Reasonably, environmentalism is defined by various informal frames, which are in different policy fields. Therefore, environmental politics is exercised in varying communities and each of the community focus on specific aspects of the global politics of the environment. The

Group protective rights in international law Essay

Group protective rights in international law - Essay Example Explain, giving an example. Group protective rights in international law ensure protection of minorities through minority specific individual rights whereas majority is treated as legal subjects and bearers of group rights. By bringing autonomous minorities and indigenous people to the international human rights convention makes the State to waive their right to interfere with their activities on human rights grounds. For example, the American legal orders deal with violations to the human rights by Indian tribes and how the Canadian legal orders deal with human rights violation by Qubec. India attributes universal laws to all Indian citizens and "personal laws", to specific ethnic groups and Muslim minority. A decision in Federal District Court confirms that Unocal could not be held liable because it did not control the Burmese military's actions. "The 9th Circuit Court of Appeals, California Superior Judge Victoria Chaney reversed an earlier Federal District Court decision and will allow a groundbreaking human rights lawsuit against Unocal to go forward. In the Doe v. Unocal case, 11 Burmese villagers allege that Unocal, a California based oil company, can be held liable for human rights abuses associated with its Yadana gas pipeline project in Burma. The abuses include rape, forced labor, and murder". (http://www.mines and communities.org viewed on 12th May, 2009). 4. If an international tribunal finds that there is no applicable national or international law rule to decide the case before it, what should it do If the interpretation of the national law is vague and ambiguous, the international tribunal will adopt the interpretation which it thinks is in conformity with the law of the State. (Text Book on International law, Martin Dixon, 6th edition, p93-94, 2007, published by http://books.google.co.in/booksid ). 5. Compare customary international law rules with rules from international agreements. International law comprises of rules and rationales which rule the relations and dealings of nations with each other. It is concerned with questions of rights between several nations or nations and the citizens or subjects of other nations. Whereas International agreements make law for the parties of the agreement. They might also contribute to the foundation of customary international law with the intention of adhering generally and are widely accepted. (International law: an overview, http://topics.law.cornell.edu/wex/International_law). 6. Trials of former Khmer Rouge leaders for crimes against humanity in Cambodia from the 1970s are finally starting. What is the nature of the court that is hearing these cases The nature of the court is Genocide Tribunal. This court is backed by United Nations. The trial started at Phnom Penh, Cambodia. It started with the trial of Kaing Guek Eav, known as Duch. The court deals with charges of crimes against humanity, torture premeditated murder and breaches of the Geneva conventions. The Khmer Rouge leaders were accused of killing around 1.75 million people through execution, starvation or overwork during 1975-79. Duch faces charges of killing 10000

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Essay Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: Race Ethnicity Religion Gender Sexual orientation Age Disability Category Stereotype 1 Stereotype 2 Stereotype 3 Race All black people like fried chicken All Asian people are smart White people are all nerdy. Sexual Orientation Homosexuals are all effeminate. Straight guys are all belching morons. Homosexuals are weak. Religion Muslims are all warlike Jews are greedy and money hungry. Christians are hypocritical conquerors. Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? It is my personal conviction that stereotypes have absolutely no positive aspects. This sort of thinking only leads to deeper struggles and inequality within societies. It is absolutely vital for a deeper level of understanding to be reached by people of differing race and ethnicity in order for the possibility of a peaceful world to exist. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? There are many negative aspects of stereotypes. One of the main consequences is the lack of unity within a society or population. If different groups are at war with each other within a society their chances of becoming a true world power are miniscule. Also stereotyping generally leads to violence and pain for everyone involved because of the conflict that it arouses. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. The text defines stereotypes as: unreliable, exaggerated, generalizations about all members of a group that do not take individual differences into account. Prejudice is defined as: a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, such as a racial or ethnic minority . The difference between these two concepts is that stereotypes are false beliefs about an entire group of people that perpetuate fear and misunderstanding, like: all black people are thugs. Whereas prejudice is a negative feeling towards an entire group based on the fact that they are different. An example of this is the prejudice against hiring blacks to do a certain job because one feels they mentally inferior because they are a different race.(Schaefer 2012). What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is basically one of escalation. The connection between the two usually occurs in the form that stereotyping leads to prejudice. This often occurs because stereotypes create a sense of uncertainty and distrust between groups and prejudice is a more refined and focused form of intolerance that often leads to discrimination and hate. What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? The biggest thing that can be done to prevent prejudice is to educate people about other races and ethnicities, and to work towards establishing a better degree of understanding and unity between different groups of people. It is also necessary to single out those who are acting in a prejudiced manner and show that this type of sentiment will not be tolerated. References Racial and Ethnic Groups, Thirteenth edition, by Richard T. Schaefer. Published by Merrill Prentice Hall. Copyright  © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.(Ch.2)

Mother Daughter Relationships - Mothers and Daughters in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

Mothers and Daughters in The Joy Luck Club The first three stories in this section are talking about the relationship between mothers and daughters and the last one is concluding the whole book "The Joy Luck Club".   By examining this section, there is one moral in these four stories, which is the relationship between daughters and mothers, is very strong and mothers and daughters have similar fate and face.   The plots in these four stories can prove the moral above.   In "Magpies", when An-mei hsu thinks about her daughter's marriage is fallen apart, she recalls her mother and how she followed her mother to Tientsin.   An-mei also recalls the conflict between her mother, Wu Tsing and Second wife of Wu Tsing.   She remembers how Second wife lied to her mother and how Wu Tsing forced her mother to become his Fourth wife.   Finally, An-mei's mother died by taking too much opium.   An-mei realizes her mother's situation is as same as her daughter, both of them cannot save their lives very well and they like magpies.   In "Waiting between the Trees", Ying-Ying St. Clair recalls her story in the childhood, when she sees signs in her daughter's house.   Ying-Ying recalls how was her first marriage, how she met her first husband and final result on her first marriage.   Ying-Ying also talks about her birth year of Tiger and the relationship between she and Clifford St. Clair and how both of them become equally. Ying-Ying realizes the relationship between her and Clifford St. Clair is also as same as her daughter and her husband.   Ying-Ying also talks that her daughter is as same as a Tiger.   At the end, Yin-Yin know her daughter will go upstairs when her daughter fight with her husband and she will wait for her coming.   In "Double Face", when Lindo Jong looks at her daughter's face, she compares American faces and Chinese faces.   Lindo Jong recalls what her mother had told her fortune by looking her face.   She also remembers how she moves to America and she realizes that her face becomes American face already.   In "A pair of Ticket", Jing-Mei Woo talks about her feeling before she meet her two sisters.   Also, Jing-Mei talks about the meeting in the Airport with her father and aunt.   In the meeting, Jing-Mei's father talks about Jing-Mei's mother and how she escaped when Japanese came to China and how she leaves her two daughters on the rail.

Myths that Hide the American Indian Essay

Nearly everyone in this world is guilty of stereotyping against a certain race, religion, ethnic group, nationality, etc. One of those groups that are stereotyped is the Native Americans. Ever since the Europeans â€Å"discovered† the New World, there have myths about the Native Americans that lead to this stereotyping. In the essay, â€Å"Myths That Hide the American Indian† by Oliver La Farge, many of those myths are brought up. Due to these myths about the Native Americans, people’s views, past and present, of who and what they are have become extremely distorted, or essentially hiding the Native Americans from white people. One of the many myths that the Europeans created about the Native Americans is that they are bloodthirsty, ruthless savages. Oliver La Farge does a good job in his essay of discounting this myth by giving multiple examples of how most groups of Native Americans were a peaceful group of people that just were not quite as well developed socially, economically, technologically, etc. as the Europeans. Because of this lack of development on behalf of the Native Americans, the Europeans looked at the Native Americans as uncivilized savages. The reason that this myth was even created was to justify the slaughtering of thousands of Native Americans at the hands of the Europeans, with the justification being that they were inferior beings, which is another myth brought up. Once the Europeans had conquered the Native Americans, this myth was altered, now proclaiming that the Native Americans were drunken, lazy good-for-nothings. La Farge also discounts this part of the myth in his essay. Going back to the point of the Europeans thinking they were superior a superior race when being compared to the Native Americans, that would happen in any situation if the circumstances were similar because it is human nature to believe that if one race able to conquer another race, then they will believe they are superior. This is one of the continuing myths that have hid the Native Americans from white people. Another one of the myths that plagued the Native Americans is that the early European settlers tended to assume that all or most of the Native Americans had one culture and that they were all at about the same stage of development. This myth could not be further from the truth. â€Å"The tribes and nations that occupied North America varied enormously, and their condition was anything but static† (pg. 7). The cultures of the Native Americans were like snowflakes; no two were alike. Many different types of cultures are described in detail in the essay, proving that the myth is completely wrong. Each tribe of Native Americans had a culture that, while considered backwards and wrong by the Europeans, was unique. This myth helped to hide the Native Americans from white settlers because if the whites got to know the culture of one tribe, they would just assume that all of the other tribes had identical cultures. If that culture they learned had some barbaric practices, like the Aztecs sacrificing men by tearing out their hearts, they would assume that all tribes did that and further prove the myth that Native Americans were savages. That is how this myth hid the Native Americans from white people. The first myth that was ever started about the Native Americans is the Noble Red Man or Child of Nature myth. What this myth is about is the Europeans considered the Native Americans to be children of nature. Also, it â€Å"credited the Indian with either a penchant for flowery but dull oratory or an inability to communicate beyond ‘Ugh’ and grunts† (pg. 4). This myth puts the Native Americans on the same level as an animal. If the Europeans thought the Native Americans were that ignorant, then it is no wonder why they thought that they were a superior race. The Native Americans became hidden by this myth because it is so completely false and completely misrepresents them as a whole because they had developed languages and could communicate with one another. Myths about Native Americans have, and will continue to be a cause of people stereotyping them. Because of the stereotyping, most people will never know the truth about Native Americans and they will remain hidden from white people. This stereotyping has gone so far that today, Native Americans will get dressed up for tourists in a costumes and put on war dances just to please tourists who believe in the myth because if they did not, the tourists would question the legitimacy of them. That is how myths of the Native Americans have hid them.

Case Study: Google in China Essay

When Larry Page and Sergy Brin first launched the Internet search engine, Google; they did so with one goal in mind, to provide people searching the internet for information with the fastest, most reliable search engine. Because of their creativity and innovation, Google is one of the largest and most profitable Internet search engines available. With more than 150 domains worldwide, people in almost every country can search the Internet for information about everything from historical facts to current events. Ingrained into the company’s code of ethics is the often quoted phrase â€Å"don’t be evil† (Hill, 2009, p. 148). By this, Google means the company will not compromise their Code of Conduct and will provide searchers with information which is current and not biased or censored in any way. To Google, their Code of Conduct is also about â€Å"doing the right thing† (Google, 2009, para. 1). Because of Google’s Code of Conduct when the company ent ered China, human rights activists had hopes that the citizens of China could search the Internet without the Chinese government censoring the results. The purpose of this paper is to address the following regarding Google’s presence in China, (a) the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges confronting Google, and (b) the various roles the Chinese government plays in Google’s Chinese business operations. In addition, the paper will include a summary of the strategic and operational challenges facing Google managers who are living and working in China.. LEGAL, CULTURAL, AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES In 2000, Google began offering services to the Chinese allowing them the ability to search in their own language. Google did not have an office in China so the service was out of the United States. For approximately two years, the Chinese people could use Google to search for information over the Internet. Then in 2002, the Chinese government blocked access to Google’s website and instead began making searchers use a site approved by the Chinese government. When the government later allowed access to Google, people found certain sites considered politically sensitive were not available. China was blocking sites the government considered subversive. To solve this problem, Google decided to establish an office in China with the goal of providing the Chinese population access to the largest amount of information the company could provide. In essence, Google voluntarily agreed to censor certain results considered subversive by the Chinese government. This created legal and ethical problems of Google being able to live up to the company standards of providing users complete access to all information. Various Roles the Chinese Government Plays In 2010, Google discovered their website had been hacked into. Although the company will not say publically whether or not they think the Chinese government was behind the hacking, they did inform the government they would no longer voluntarily censor their search results. According to Branigan â€Å"Google claimed the cyber-attack originated from China and that its intellectual property was stolen, but that evidence suggested a primary goal was accessing the Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists† (Branigan, 2010, para. 14). Google also stated that they found where Gmail accounts of human rights activists living in China, Europe, and the United States were being hacked into by third parties on a routine basis (Branigan, 2010). During February, a statement was released by Secretary of State Clinton concerning the rights of all to have access to the Internet and â€Å"pledging to file a formal State Department protest regarding this month’s alleged Google Chin a censorship and hacking† (Baer, 2010, para. 1). Strategic and Operational Challenges Because of these latest developments, Google found themselves in the position of needing to make some very difficult decisions. The company needed to decide whether or not they should remain in China and agree to the terms of the Chinese government. These terms essentially meant allowing third parties to access and monitor the company’s site and Gmail accounts. However, Google seems to have found a solution for this dilemma by providing searchers with a link to the company’s uncensored Hong Kong website. The Chinese government seems to be in agreement with this solution and is allowing Google to remain in China for now (Horowitz, 2010). CONCLUSION When Google decided to enter the Chinese market, the company did so because they knew how important the Chinese market was for their business. They also realized that China provided an opportunity for the company to grow. However, entering China also resulted in Google being faced with having to make some serious ethical and legal decisions. These decisions include whether Google should continue to censor results on its website or if Google eventually needs to pull out of China. Currently, Google seems to think that giving the Chinese access to some information is better than not granting them access to any information. References Baer, M. (2010). _Cyber attacks & the ethical dimension of the Google China episode_. Retrieved from http://globalcomment.com/2010/cyber-attacks-the-ethical-dimension-of-the-google-china-episode/ Branigan, T. (2010). _Google challenge to China over censorship_. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/jan/13/google-china-censorship-battle Google. (2009). _Google Investor Relations Code of Conduct_. Retrieved from http://investor.google.com/corporate/code-of-conduct.html#I Hill, C. W. (2009). _International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace_ (7th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Irwin Horowitz, D. (2010). _Google Still in China_. Retrieved from http://www.daniweb.com/news/story295468.html

Children of Abraham †World Religion Essay

Children of Abraham – World Religion Essay Free Online Research Papers Children of Abraham World Religion Essay Bruce Feiler is a journalist and author of several books, including Abraham: a Journey to the Heart of Three Faiths and Walking the Bible. His books explore Abraham, the common patriarch of Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. Abraham was born sometime between 2100- 1500BCE southeast of present day Baghdad. His given name was Avram and later changed by God to Avraham or as we spell it Abraham. His new name meant the father of a throng of nations†. His wife also changed her name from Sarai to Sarah. The new names that each of them were given were meant to be an expression of praise for a new status they had gained and a level reached. They were also meant as blessings for what should come in their futures. At 75 years old God spoke to him to Abraham telling him that he will I will make of you a great nation. All of the families of the earth will bless themselves by you. As it reads in Geneses 22 this is when God chooses Abraham and Abraham chooses God. Abraham turned his back on idol worship, which was the current religious practice of the day and chose to worship only one God. Abraham and his wife Sarah moved to what is now the considered the West Bank where God told them they would have a child. Abraham, 99 at this time and Sarah in her 90’s gave birth to Isaac who later give birth Jacob. Jacob was considered the first Israelite. Abraham already had a son Ishmael from Hagar, an Egyptian slave. Muslims believe Ishmael to be their direct link to Abraham. An early Christian belief was that all people could become a child of Abraham only later would they become more exclusive in their belief. Bruce Feiler, was a traveler and journalist before he became fascinated with the middle east. Not in search of a spiritual quest but as simply modern news interest linked directly to the events of 9-11. Feiler went to Israel and was amazed that he could experience the places and events of scripture are still able to be experienced. As a non-practicing Jew this seemed to hit Feiler with a connection to his own past and the various rituals he had been involved throughout his youth. Suddenly they had more meaning. The bible was suddenly a living breathing story that anyone could go and experience. After 9-11 the news media hyped the events with stories entitled â€Å"Who are they?† and â€Å"Why do they hate us?†. Feiler thought that Abraham could be a figure that could unite us all but what happened is that he found 250 different Abrahams. All religions try to make Abraham him into their religion or their icon. He gives many examples of how different religions have claimed that their rituals have come from Abraham and often times giving associated date; however Abraham was not born at the time they claim. So more or less a game is being played to try and outdate other groups. Abraham is the center of the greatest feud in the history of the world, particularly of our time. So much so that Bob Dylan and Louis Armstrong both wrote hit songs that tell the epic stories. God, Politics, and Land are defining stories of the Hebrew bible and the Qur’an. This discussion is happening here. A lot of people who are believers get the connection with land. However most westerner’s miss these stories when we read holy text as simply metaphor. However those native to the land carry those places inside of them and what happens there affects them at the core. In the end it is important to remember that this is a family feud that affects us all and that Abraham is central to us all, even if it is just the idea of Abraham. The idea that God chose Abraham and that Abraham chose God seems to be a very important theme because we as individuals can accept Abraham without accepting the religions that have twisted his life for their own needs. Abraham is fully human and fully apart of us. Research Papers on Children of Abraham - World Religion EssayCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMind TravelQuebec and Canada

Thermodynamics Overview and Basic Concepts

Thermodynamics Overview and Basic Concepts Thermodynamics is the field of physics that deals with the relationship between heat and other properties (such as pressure, density, temperature, etc.) in a substance. Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is related to various energy changes within a physical system undergoing a thermodynamic process. Such processes usually result in work  being done by the system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics. Basic Concepts of Heat Transfer Broadly speaking, the heat of a material is understood as a representation of the energy contained within the particles of that material. This is known as the kinetic theory of gases, though the concept applies in varying degrees to solids and liquids as well. The heat from the motion of these particles can transfer into nearby particles, and therefore into other parts of the material or other materials, through a variety of means: Thermal Contact is when two substances can affect each others temperature.Thermal Equilibrium is when two substances in thermal contact no longer transfer heat.Thermal Expansion takes place when a substance expands in volume as it gains heat. Thermal contraction also exists.Conduction is when heat flows through a heated solid.Convection is when heated particles transfer heat to another substance, such as cooking something in boiling water.Radiation is when heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, such as from the sun.Insulation is when a low-conducting material is used to prevent heat transfer. Thermodynamic Processes A system undergoes a thermodynamic process when there is some sort of energetic change within the system, generally associated with changes in pressure, volume, internal energy (i.e. temperature), or any sort of heat transfer. There are several specific types of thermodynamic processes that have special properties: Adiabatic process - a process with no heat transfer into or out of the system.Isochoric process - a process with no change in volume, in which case the system does no work.Isobaric process - a process with no change in pressure.Isothermal process - a process with no change in temperature. States of Matter A state of matter is a description of the type of physical structure that a material substance manifests, with properties that describe how the material holds together (or doesnt). There are five states of matter, though only the first three of them are usually included in the way we think about states of matter: gasliquidsolidplasmasuperfluid (such as a Bose-Einstein Condensate) Many substances can transition between the gas, liquid, and solid phases of matter, while only a few rare substances are known to be able to enter a superfluid state. Plasma is a distinct state of matter, such as lightning   condensation - gas to liquidfreezing - liquid to solidmelting - solid to liquidsublimation - solid to gasvaporization - liquid or solid to gas Heat Capacity The heat capacity, C, of an object is the ratio of change in heat (energy change, ΔQ, where the Greek symbol Delta, Δ, denotes a change in the quantity) to change in temperature (ΔT). C Δ Q / Δ T The heat capacity of a substance indicates the ease with which a substance heats up. A good thermal conductor would have a low heat capacity, indicating that a small amount of energy causes a large temperature change. A good thermal insulator would have a large heat capacity, indicating that much energy transfer is needed for a temperature change. Ideal Gas Equations There are various ideal gas equations which relate temperature (T1), pressure (P1), and volume (V1). These values after a thermodynamic change are indicated by (T2), (P2), and (V2). For a given amount of a substance, n (measured in moles), the following relationships hold: Boyles Law ( T is constant):P 1 V 1 P 2 V 2Charles/Gay-Lussac Law (P is constant):V1/T1 V2/T2Ideal Gas Law:P1V1/T1 P2V2/T2 nR R is the ideal gas constant, R 8.3145 J/mol*K. For a given amount of matter, therefore, nR is constant, which gives the Ideal Gas Law. Laws of Thermodynamics Zeroeth Law of Thermodynamics - Two systems each in thermal equilibrium with a third system are in thermal equilibrium to each other.First Law of Thermodynamics - The change in the energy of a system is the amount of energy added to the system minus the energy spent doing work.Second Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible for a process to have as its sole result the transfer of heat from a cooler body to a hotter one.Third Law of Thermodynamics - It is impossible to reduce any system to absolute zero in a finite series of operations. This means that a perfectly efficient heat engine cannot be created. The Second Law Entropy The Second Law of Thermodynamics can be restated to talk about entropy, which is a quantitative measurement of the disorder in a system. The change in heat divided by the absolute temperature is the entropy change of the process. Defined this way, the Second Law can be restated as: In any closed system, the entropy of the system will either remain constant or increase. By closed system it means that every part of the process is included when calculating the entropy of the system. More About Thermodynamics In some ways, treating thermodynamics as a distinct discipline of physics is misleading. Thermodynamics touches on virtually every field of physics, from astrophysics to biophysics, because they all deal in some fashion with the change of energy in a system. Without the ability of a system to use energy within the system to do work - the heart of thermodynamics - there would be nothing for physicists to study. That having been said, there are some fields use thermodynamics in passing as they go about studying other phenomena, while there are a wide range of fields which focus heavily on the thermodynamics situations involved. Here are some of the sub-fields of thermodynamics: Cryophysics / Cryogenics / Low Temperature Physics - the study of physical properties in low temperature situations, far below temperatures experienced on even the coldest regions of the Earth. An example of this is the study of superfluids.Fluid Dynamics / Fluid Mechanics - the study of the physical properties of fluids, specifically defined in this case to be liquids and gases.High Pressure Physics - the study of physics in extremely high pressure systems, generally related to fluid dynamics.Meteorology / Weather Physics - the physics of the weather, pressure systems in the atmosphere, etc.Plasma Physics - the study of matter in the plasma state.

IS Project Implementation Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IS Project Implementation Plan - Research Paper Example In citing an example of virtual organization, the case of an engineering company, John Brown Engineers and Construction concern comes into question. The company fulfills the globalization attribute of a virtual organization in operating through a network of 30 countries having a total employee base of around 21,000 people. Moreover, the company operates based on its own privately designed information systems linking the different offices of the concern. Through such developed and interlinked information technology network the employees of the company can effectively retrieve, share and implement information gained from large databases stored in the system. Thus, the people with information technology can effectively use the large pool of technological and other knowledge resources that would be required for the proper functioning of the organization. Moreover, the management of the company through the existence of information technology sources has also taken resort of developing a v ideo conferencing facility through which the directors and managers sitting at head office can learn the activities pursued in different units round the globe. Again, such use of technology also helps the management to get effective feedback from the employees in regards to operation and customers and thereby can design strategies differently to enhance business competitiveness (Igbaria and Tan, 1998, p.48). The business managers at John Brown Engineers and Construction concern worked to enhance and implement specific business strategies focused on globalization in the light of the information technology resources and opportunities gained. The Chief Executive Officer of the company identified the need for strategic alliances both within the internal and external policy framework to gain a competitive business position in the climate of globalization. Thus to gain the opportunity of strategic alliances the

Analyse the differences between the customer products offered by Essay

Analyse the differences between the customer products offered by Network Carriers and Low Cost Carriers - Essay Example When it comes to Asia, existence of Southwest effect has been observed that the growth of LCC terminals might balance. This paper involves assessing, evaluating and examining; how deregulation and the growth of LCCs (Low Cost Carriers) have affected international competition and market trends in the type of products offered to customers in air travel. The major concern of Airline Deregulation Act was to end government interference in prices, routes and new entries from aviation. It was to permit airline customers to come across true and open airline market forces. But The Act could not completely end or reduce the FAAs regulatory interference. The radical deepened the catastrophe attacks on September 11, 2001. Astonishingly at foremost momentary look, low-cost carriers (LCCs) were not only passed, but were boosted by this enormous recession. On continental travel routes, LCCs are competent to convey 80% of the overhaul superiority at a reduced amount of about 50% of the price tag of NCs. accordingly; LCCs can—at least in hypothesis—embark on more than 70% of continental O&Ds, captivating them far-flung from their genesis as function businesses. Nonetheless, for most transnational routes bundling stipulate in a focal point remnants a required prerequisite. Confront for NCs is now to reinvent their possess business representation. This article analyzes the explanation drivers of the present-day changeover segment and outlines the vision of highly developed airline business models that potentially guide to a new era of stability. Apiece airline is a multifarious classification that lives from the interface in the middle of an assortment of parts of the classification: aircrafts, airports, passengers, aviation course of action. In the current decades, the LCCs are converted into significant dramatis personae in air carrying around the world particularly in Europe and Asia.

PoL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PoL - Essay Example 298). The nature of management work is to bring together the three forms of leadership: adaptive, administrative and enabling. The bringing together of these three forms of leadership, the interaction between the â€Å"bureaucratic, administrative functions of the organization and the emergent, informal dynamics of CAS† are reflected (Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 298). In this regard, management works overseas adaptive leadership which refers to adapting to, being creative and learning to act within and from the CAS interactions for the purpose of adjusting to changes within and outside of the organization. Administrative leadership organizes roles within the organization. The nature of management work under the guise of enabling leadership functions to â€Å"catazlyze the conditions in which adaptive leadership† may exist and management interactions among all aspects of leadership (Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 305). Delegation and empowerment follows from the complexity leadership theory’s entanglement of three leadership operatives. Thus, the delegated power falls to CAS or â€Å"complexity adaptive emergent forces† (Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 305). Ideally, adaptive leadership (the delegated power) functions together with the administrative leaders or can resist administrative leadership. In other words, the adaptive leadership may cooperate with administrative leadership with a view to augmenting its strategies or it can resist administrative leadership or it can function as an independent arm of the organization (Uhl-Bien et al 2007). What emerges is Network dynamics which refers to the â€Å"contexts and mechanisms that enable adaptive leadership ((Uhl-Bien et al 2007, p. 307). What occurs is an â€Å"interactive ambiance† in which complicated â€Å"dynamics occur† accompanied by patterned conduct the â€Å"produce complex outcomes† (Uhl-Bien et al

The Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay

The Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay Motivation can be defined as giving a reason, incentive, enthusiasm or interest that causes a person to adopt a specific action or behavior. A simple example could be that our act of eating is motivated by hunger. We can classify motivation into two main types: Intrinsic motivation: when people do something for pleasure, importance or desire (internal) Extrinsic motivation: when external factors motivate a person to adopt a certain act or behavior(external) (Lionel, 1994) Theories of motivation: Incentive theory: A tangible or an intangible reward is given after the occurrence of an action/behavior with the intention of causing the behavior/action to occur again. Some studies show that if the reward is given quickly, the effect is greater than if the incentive is given after increased passage of time. This repetitive action-reward combination makes the specific behavior a habit.(Robert, 1995) This theory is promoted by many famous behavioral psychologists such as B.F.Skinner and emphasizes that if actions are positively received, people are more likely to carry them on again and again while if they are negatively received, people avoid carrying out those acts/behaviors again. Incentive theory differentiates itself from other theories such as drive theory in terms of behaviorism in such a way that it involves positive reinforcement i.e the act is reinforced to make the person happy and encourage him to carry it on again for example a person knows that eating food or drinking water will make him satisfied and happy, while in the drive theory, use of negative reinforcement is made i.e the stimulus has been associated with the removal of the punishment for example a person knows that when he will consume food if he is hungry, it will eliminate the negative feeling of hunger.(Wilson,1992) In simpler words, incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards. Behavioral concepts such as association and reinforcement play an important role in this theory of motivation.(Wilson, 1992) Drive reduction theory: This theory emphasizes that people have certain biological needs or drives (example hunger, sleep and sex) and as the time passes, the strength of the desire increases if it is not fulfilled or satisfied. Upon satisfying the drive, the strength is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis. In simpler words, people are motivated to carry out some actions in order to reduce the internal tension caused by unmet needs. An example of application of this theory is that when you drink a glass of water to reduce the internal state of thirst. Another example is if we were hot, we would seek for a shade, this seeking for shade and drinking glass of water is an example of drive reducing behavior. The problem however, faced with this theory is that the drives are not always, purely motivated by physiological needs. For example, a person may smell freshly baked bread and want to eat it although he has already done his breakfast little time ago. In this case the drive hunger is not motivating him to do this action but he is just eating the bread because he is attracted to the smell and he knows that a freshly baked bread tastes very good.(Lepper, 1995) Maslows theory of hierarchy of motives: Maslow emphasized that once our basic needs, which ensure our survival are met, our attention is diverted to our relationship with others, self esteem and fulfilling personal potential. (Maslow, 1970) Physiological needs are the first needs (hunger, sex etc) that need to be satisfied. Safety needs are listed as second needs and these mainly mean the feelings of security that the world is a safe placefor an individual to live. Belongingness and love needs are listed as third most important need which refer to being loved by others and accepted so that the individual can also give love to others. Esteem need is the fourth most important need. This means that a person has feelings of his self esteem which can be achieved through receiving respect from other people and recognition. Self actualization refers to reaching ones own unique potential. The final need is to find a meaning in the world beyond ones self or self transcendence.(Whyte, 1980) This hierarchy of needs is drawn in a shape of pyramid with the most important need starting from the bottom: Arousal theory of motivation: This theory suggests that people carry out some specific actions in order to increase or decrease their levels of arousal. More clearly we can say, that this theory motivates us in order to maintain our arousal level at an optimum point, not below it, not higher. A clear example of application of this theory could be when the arousal levels gets below the optimum point, the person may go to watch a movie or go for a jog. This is likely to boost up his arousal level. Similarly, if the arousal level gets high, the person is likely to seek ways in which he can bring it down, i.e ways that make him relax such as meditating or reading a book.in monkeys, curiosity motivates them how to open a latch door or a window. (butler, 1954). This theory is very popular both in the field of psychology or physiology. It was originated by Lindsley. According to him, too little stimulation can cause a person to get bored while too high level of stimulation can cause anxiety, which results in sensation seeking. Such sensation seekers are more impulsive and likely to participate in risky behavior. Impulsivity refers to inability of a person to judge the consequences of a risky action he is going to perform. Such impulsive people might not be able to correctly process cognitive information.(lynam and miller, 2004) Instinct theory of motivation: In accordance with this theory, people behave in specific way because they are evolutionarily programmed to. People do not actually learn to behave like that, it is an inborn behavior. A clear example of such a behavior is the migrations that occur in animals world.(forbes,2011) William james created a list of instincts which included: Modesty love Attatchement Play Fear Anger Shyness However, the main problems faced by this theory were that it did not explain behavior, but just described. It described the effect of genetics and heresity on human behavior. Most of our behaviors are not unlearned and thus, these instincts are not likely to motivate us. According to Sigmund freud, human behavior is driven by two biological instincts: eros and thenatos, the life instinct and the death instinct respectively. The life instinct includes sexual motivation, the death instinct includes aggression motivation. He suggested that people should handle these aggressive instincts carefully and non-violently by engaging in competitive activities.(steven,2002) William mcdougal also pioneered an instinct theory, in his theory, instincts compose of three parts; perception, behavior and emotion. Humans have perceptual predisposition to focus on stimuli that are important to his goals. Humans have the drive and energy called the emotional core between perception of the goal and the movement towards it. Mcdougal listed 17 instincts including: Hunger Rejection of particular substances Curiosity Escape Pugnacity Sex Maternal/paternal instinct Gregariousness Self-assertion Submission Construction Acquisition Crying Laughter Comfort Rest Migration (steven,2002) Cognitive evaluation theory: This theory suggests that there are actually two types of motivation; intrinsic and extrinsic which correspond to two types of motivators: Intrinsic motivators; that come from actual performance of the task e.g achievement, responsibility and competence Extrinsic motivators; that come from a persons environment or controlled by others e.g pay, promotion, feedback and working conditions. Any of these could be a more power motivator for an individual.(Lepper,1995) Intrinsically motivated people perform mainly for their own satisfaction and achievement.if they start to believe that they are working for pay or work conditions or for any other extrinsic reason, they begin to lose motivation. It emphasizes that powerful extrinsic motivators can decrease a persons intrinsic motivation, especially if the extrinsic motivators are believed to be controlled by others by the individual.(Lepper, 1995) Hezbergs two factor theory: According to hezberg, two kinds of factors are likely to affect motivation, and they do it in different ways: Hygiene factors: if these are absent, an individual is motivated. However, their presence has no perceived effect. These are the things that when u take away from a person, he gets dissatisfied and tries to take them back. Examples include decent working conditions, pay, security, company policies and interpersonal relationships. Motivators: these are factors whose presence motivates. Their absence does not cause dissatisfaction but just fails to motivate people. We can say that hygiene factors cause dissatisfaction while motivators cause satisfaction. The two scales are independent and one can be high on either or both.(Piers, 2007) MEASUREMENT OF MOTIVATION Measurement of motivation can be classified into two types: Measurement of social drives Measurement of biological drives (Chavajay, 2002) Measurement of social drives can be done through the following ways: Personality questionnaire Projective techniques Situational tests Observation Interviews 1-personaity questionnaire: in these questionnares, subjects are asked as to how will they respond to certain situations or conditions. Various tests are used in these questionnares such as interest inventory, Minnesota multiphase personality inventory and California psychological inventory. (Chavajay,2002) 2-projective techniques: these present simple and ambiguous stimuli that allow the subject to respond with projection of both sexes in their personality. These tests are conducted by showing abstract pictures, writing stories to subjects and include other tests like Rorschach inkblot test and Thematic Apperception Test. Psychologists have experienced that these tests can provide valuable insight into ones personality. However, it is easy to misinterpret the responses and an inexperienced tester can misuse the information that is collected. Projective tests are also known as objective tests. 3-situational tests: social drive or affiliation can be measured by giving a person choice between waiting in a need to achieve or the need to affiliate with others such as drives for works, compliance drives, social approval drives, self actualization drives. 4-observation: observation can be defined as watching an individuals behavior over a period of time. It can be done in natural environment or in clinical settings. Through observation, psychologists also try to know about behavioral problems. 5-interviews: its a way to gather information face to face from the person who is being evaluated. A successive interview is that in which the interviewee is made to talk openly about his feelings, drives and experiences.(Chavajay,2002) Measurement of biological drives can be done through following ways: Speed of learning of individual Preferences shown by an individual when given choices between more than one goal Rate of response of an individual Amount of obstruction required to prevent the animal from reaching a goal Action of nervous system Amplitude of a response Gross motor activity of an individual The stimuli presented can be varied and can be internal or external. (Chavajay, 2002) LISTS OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MOTIVES Primary motives are also known as biological moitves have a definite physiological basis and are biologically important for an individuals survival. These arouse the behavior of an organism in directions that lead to a change in the internal environment. Sources of biological motivational needs include increase/decrease simulation, activate senses, decrease hunger, thirst, discomfort and maintaining homeostasis, balance. (Harter, 2011) The primary motives consist of: Hunger Thirst Pain Sexual drive Air or need for respiration Fatigue Sleep Maternal drive Secondary motives are individualistic in nature as they are related to self esteem, self exhibition, self security, self freedom and self assertion. These are also known as psychological motives and are very important in the development of an individuals behavior and personality.(Harter, 2011) The secondary motives include: Need for affiliation Need for approval Need for achievement Need for security Curiosity motive Competence motive Power motive Aggression motive Self actualization (Harter, 2011)

Joan Miró Essay -- Visual Arts Paintings Art

Joan Mirà ³ Spanish painter, whose surrealist works, with their subject matter drawn from the realm of memory and imaginative fantasy, are some of the most original of the 20th century. Mirà ³ was born April 20, 1893, in Barcelona and studied at the Barcelona School of Fine Arts and the Academia Galà ­. His work before 1920 shows wide-ranging influences, including the bright colors of the Fauves, the broken forms of cubism, and the powerful, flat two-dimensionality of Catalan folk art and Romanesque church frescoes of his native Spain. He moved to Paris in 1920, where, under the influence of surrealist poets and writers, he evolved his mature style. Mirà ³ drew on memory, fantasy, and the irrational to create works of art that are visual analogues of surrealist poetry. These dreamlike visions, such as Harlequin's Carnival or Dutch Interior, often have a whimsical or humorous quality, containing images of playfully distorted animal forms, twisted organic shapes, and odd geometric constructions. The forms of his paintings are organized against flat neutral backgrounds and are painted in a limited range of bright colors, especially blue, red, yellow, green, and black. Amorphous amoebic shapes alternate with sharply drawn lines, spots, and curlicues, all positioned on the canvas with seeming nonchalance. Mirà ³ later produced highly generalized, ethereal works in which his organic forms and figures are reduced to abstract spots, lines, and bursts of colors. ...

Comparing Oedipus and Prufrock

Everyone has at least one personal flaw that somehow overcomes or defeats them in a certain place in time. In this essay, two characters of completely different fields will be put side by side to compare their own tragic flaws. On one hand, Sophocles’ Oedipus is proud, arrogant and persistent; while on the other hand, Eliot’s Prufrock is self conscious, insecure, and indecisive. While the two characters are complete polar opposites, they also share a devastating similarity: they are paranoid and in fear of their own fate. Oedipus’ personality is clearly conveyed as having excessive pride and determination throughout the play.He first travels far from Corinth to prevent an oracle’s prediction that he would kill his father and marry his mother. He arrives in Thebes where the people were distressed over the Sphinx’s riddle. Oedipus then sets his mind on solving this riddle in which he succeeds and is awarded the throne to Thebes. This should have been a huge boost of confidence for a man who was worried he would be cursed for the rest of his life. He serves as a loyal King for his people, seeming to want to do the right thing for Thebes, but talks with such a conceited attitude.In the play, right after receiving news that the preceding king’s killer is residing in Thebes, Oedipus states â€Å"Well, I will start afresh and once again make dark things clear. Right worthy the concern of Phoebus, worthy thine too, for the dead; I also, as is meet, will lend my aid to avenge this wrong to Thebes and to the God† (Sophocles). With both assurance and superiority in his voice, Oedipus throws it in Thebes face that he has saved them once before, and will do it again by bringing Laius’ killer to justice. He sets out on finding the person that murdered King Laius and puts all of his energy, pride, and persistence into it.He acts as a great detective and follows each clue diligently. This helps the play revolve around the question of solving a crime (Rix). By putting together the pieces of the murder mystery, he finally begins to questions himself about his involvement in the assassination and even his own fate. Sophocles’ Oedipus pursues self-knowledge and at the same time resists it because it may connect him with his past (Morgenstern). He eventually finds out that he is indeed his father’s killer and his mother’s husband. Oedipus’ tragic flaws of hubris and determination lead him to blind himself and be exiled just as e said would happen to the murderer if he was found. Unlike Oedipus, the character in T. S. Eliot’s â€Å"Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is timid, insecure and indecisive. Throughout the poem, Prufrock is faced with a decision to approach a woman he has developed a liking to, or remain looking out a lonely window drowning his self consciousness in an ocean of self doubt. He wants to ask her the overwhelming question, but instead he purpos efully avoids the woman by having personal detour conversations with himself about his self image. The entire poem is laced with Prufrock asking himself questions.He asks â€Å"Do I dare disturb the universe? †(Eliot) as if the whole world will come crashing down if he simply talks to her. He wants to wait for the right time, but in the same thought, he knows his years are running out; he mentions his bald spot and thin arms. Prufrock is so consumed with himself and how others might portray or judge him, that it is paralyzing him from social activities and gatherings. He is going through a mid life crisis that he may have brought on himself by leading an unproductive, bland life and his lack of determination and will to change that life may lead him into his fear of being lonely forever.Prufrock is essentially intimidated by women or people in general because he is ashamed of his personal appearance and monotony. One side of his personality believes in the possibility of havi ng a relationship but the side of his self doubt and pity shackles him from living the life he is clearly screaming out for (Blythe). Towards the end of the poem, he realizes that he will never summon up the courage to talk to the person he admires. He gives up on himself and becomes aware that he has wasted his life asking himself if he should do the things he wanted to do instead of putting his plans to action.Where Oedipus is without a doubt expeditious, stern and decisive in his promises, J. Alfred Prufrock is deficient by being obsessed with taking his time, indifferent and unable to make a simple choice even for himself. However both of these characters share a haunting similarity of fearing the realization that their lives have finally come to a particular point they have been attempting to prevent their whole life. Sometimes life presents a person with a deficiency in personality which becomes highlighted in the spotlight while trying to correct that specific trait.In the Ca se of Oedipus and Prufrock, their own life flaws are over exaggerated and yet still overcorrected, in which they remain troubled with the things they hate about themselves. The two characters failed to avert a lingering curse which had been following them throughout, eventually sealing their fate with their own personal flaws. Works Cited Blithe, Hal and Sweet, Charlie. â€Å"Eliot’s THE LOVE SONG OF J. ALFRED PRUFROCK. † The Explicator 62. 2 (2004): 108-110. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. Eliot, T. S. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. The Norton Introduction to Literature: Shorter Tenth Edition. Eds. Allison Booth and Kelly J. Mays. New York: Norton, 2010. 1015-1019. Print. Morgenstern, Naomi. â€Å"The Oedipus Complex Made Simple. † University Of Toronto Quarterly 72. 4 (2003): 777-788. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. Rix, Robert W. â€Å"Was Oedipus Framed? † Orbis Litterarium 54. 2 (1999): 134. Literary Reference Center Plus. Web. Sophocles. Oedipus the King. The Norton Introduction to Literature: Shorter Tenth Edition. Eds. Allison Booth and Kelly J. Mays. New York: Norton, 2010.

The Role of Relative Isolation in the African Continent

The concept of relative isolation when talking about the African continent is determined by the cultures and the way the people lived in this time. Relative isolation played a major role in the diversity of the cultures on the African continent. When certain things went wrong in these societies, they had to adapt and change what they were doing to make it work and not get killed off or wiped out as a whole. As said in our lecture, people create labor, which creates surplus. Then when there is surplus (food) in the society, then this creates specialists.All of these things occur when things are going well for the people. But this was not always the case. This relative isolation also caused many problems for these societies and civilizations. When these people were isolated as they were, it makes it very difficult for them to escape things that happened at these times like climate change and many diseases, such as Malaria and malnutrition. This occurred on both a macro and micro level. On a micro level of relative isolation, such as smaller civilizations, problems such as disease and malnutrition were reoccurring issues.But relative isolation was not always a bad thing for these smaller civilizations and societies. It helped them become stationary with a certain group of people that they would eventually build cultures around consisting of customs and laws, as stated in the lecture. The more people and labor they had, the more food they had. This seems like a good plan in theory, but when a severe climate change occurs and they lose crops, or a disease comes through and kills half of their civilization, it is very difficult for them to escape these deadly problems and thrive as a whole.When they are all isolated in a small area, it is virtually impossible to prevent things like that from happening. It is also very difficult when these things occur, and the people left have to migrate as a whole. For example, as stated in Civilizations of Black Africa, â€Å"It h as very often happened in Africa that a society migrates, and moves, for example from the forest to the savanna. † It happened often to these societies and sometimes they were not able to thrive in the new environment like they once were. On a macro level of relative isolation, the African continent is isolated geographically and because of its climate.The seas and deserts around them did not allow them to expand and learn the ways of other thriving cultures and societies. The climate also added to the isolation because of the heavy rainfall. Many places were not suited for the crops they needed. More and more people were coming about, and not enough food was being made. These factors, as well as diseases made the African continent relatively isolated. Diseases were frequent, food was scarce at times, and the climate was incredibly hard to deal with when it came to trying to provide for your civilization.

its high time for hemp essays

it's high time for hemp essays The hemp plant is arguably the most useful crop in the world. There are over 25, 000 products made from hemp and it can be grown in a wide variety of climates. So how can such a useful plant be outlawed in America? Ignorance is how. People automatically connect hemp with its controversial cousin, marijuana. The truth is the differences between marijuana and hemp are very distinct. Hemp and marijuana are both variations of the cannabis plant. The quality that separates the two is the Tetra Hydro Cannabinol (THC) content. Hemp has less than 1% THC, while marijuana has 20-30%. This is because marijuana was specifically cultivated to have a high THC content. The amount of THC in hemp is so small that it would take dozens of pounds of it to even have a small affect on a person. It is humanly impossible to use hemp as a drug. One concern that many people have about the legalization of hemp is that they believe marijuana could easily be hidden in a field of hemp. This is not true for many reasons. First, the two plants are easily distinguished. Marijuana plants are short and bushy with many leaves and is harvested for its flowers and leaves. Hemp, however, is tall and straight, with leaves at the top of the plant and is harvested for its stalks before flowering even occurs. Another problem with disguising marijuana in a hemp field is that the two plants would crossbreed which eliminates nearly all of the THC content in marijuana plants. Third, in Canada, where hemp farming is legal, the farmers have to get a special license to grow and the crop is checked annually for THC content. If we enforced this in America, there would be little to no marijuana problems at hemp farms. Hemp has a great deal of history in our country also. Many well-known historical figures farmed the plant and encouraged farming of it. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln were all hemp-enthusiasts. Most of the sails and rope...

John Quincy Adams Essays (1590 words) - Adams Family, Free Essays

John Quincy Adams Essays (1590 words) - Adams Family, Free Essays John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams was the only son of a president to become president. He had an impressive political background that began at the age of fourteen. He was an intelligent and industrious individual. He was a man of strong character and high principles. By all account, his presidency should have been a huge success, yet it wasn't. John Quincy Adams' presidency was frustrating and judged a failure because of the scandal, attached to his election, the pettiness of his political rivals, and his strong character. John Quincy Adams was born on July 1767, in Braintree Massachusetts. His parents were John and Abigail Adams. Quincy, had every advantage as a youngster. At the time of his birth, his father was an increasingly admired and prospering lawyer, and his mother Abigail Smith Adams, was the daughter of an esteemed minister, whose wife's family combined two prestigious and influential lines, the Nortons and the Quincys. Accompanying his father on diplomatic missions in Europe, young John Quincy Adams received a splendid education at private schools in Paris, Leiden, and Amsterdam, early developing his penchant for omnivorous reading. He was able to speak several languages. At the age of fourteen, he was asked to serve as secretary and translator to Francis Dana, the first US ambassador to Russia. Despite his age, young Adams was a valuable aid to the consul; he enjoyed Russia and the exposure to diplomatic circles. He later returned to the United States and attended Harvard. He graduated in two years and entered the law offices of Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Passing the bar in 1790, he set up practice in Boston. In 1794 John began his long political career. George Washington appointed John Quincy Adams an Ambassador to the Netherlands. After his father was elected as the second president of the United States, he was reassigned to the post of minister to Prussia. He kept this post throughout his fathers term of office. After his fathers defeat to Thomas Jefferson he returned home. In 1802 he was elected to the Massachusetts senate, which sent him to the U. S senate the following year. He was also appointed to the Supreme Court, a membership he declined. President James Madison then appointed him to minister to Russia in 1809. He continued to serve his country and gained a well-respected reputation. Adding to his reputation was his brilliant and tough-minded performance as chief American peace commissioner in the negotiations at Gent that ended the War of 1812 and his effectiveness as minister to Great Britain during the last two years of the Madison administration. He continued to distinguish himself by negotiating a treaty with Spain. The Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain, concluded with Spain on February 22, 1819. Provided for the transfer of East and West Florida to the United States and the establishment of a border between Spanish and US territory running from the Gulf of Mexico to the Rocky Mountains and along the forty- second parallel to the Pacific ocean. Historians regard the treaty as a brilliant act of diplomacy, and Adams himself called its conclusion the most important event of my life. Many historians give credit to Adams for his contributions to the Monroe Doctrine. Adams also was the mind behind the Monroe Doctrine, which warned that the United States would oppose any European interference in the internal affairs of an American nation or further European colonization of territory in the Western Hemisphere. There was no doubt that Adams was a deserving candidate for the presidential election of 1824. He had held high diplomatic positions and displayed both aptitude and ability. He wanted to be President, but although Adams was the most distinguished member of the Monroe Cabinet, his successes were somewhat neutralized by his lack of friends and organizational backing He had also earned himself a reputation of being stubborn and unflexable. He had no problems speaking out against issues he felt were unjust. He also spoke out against his own political party. The son of a leading Federalist Party, Adams proved to be anything but a slavish devotee to that political cause. When he thought the party was in the wrong, he stood ready to oppose it. In fact,

10 Words That Dont Mean What You May Think They Do

10 Words That Dont Mean What You May Think They Do 10 Words That Don’t Mean What You May Think They Do 10 Words That Don’t Mean What You May Think They Do By Mark Nichol As English evolves, word meanings shift and turn, sometimes reversing themselves altogether. These ten words have shifted their senses over the years. In some cases, we are wise to likewise be flexible; in others, we relax our vocabulary at the expense of useful distinctions: 1. Decimate The literal meaning of this word, as all you lovers of Latin (not to be confused with Latin lovers) know all too well, is â€Å"to reduce by one-tenth,† supposedly from the punitive custom of selecting one out of ten captives by lot and killing those so selected. But the senses for this rhadamanthine Roman policy have proliferated, so that now it means â€Å"tithed,† â€Å"drastically reduced,† or â€Å"destroyed† as well. 2. Disinterested Commonly employed to mean â€Å"not interested,† disinterested has a precise, useful meaning of â€Å"neutral, unbiased.† 3. Enormity Some people would reserve this word to mean â€Å"monstrously wicked,† but, in truth, it is properly invoked to refer to anything overwhelming or an unexpected event of great magnitude, and thus it need not be invariably corrected to enormousness except when it is clearly in reference to a loathsome occurrence. Refrain, however, from diluting the word’s impact in such usage as â€Å"The enormity of the new stadium struck them as they approached the towering entrance.† 4. Fortuitous This word means â€Å"occurring by chance,† but its resemblance to fortune has given it an adopted sense of â€Å"lucky.† For meticulous adherence to the traditional meaning, use fortuitous only in the sense indicated in this sentence: â€Å"His arrival at that moment was fortuitous, because her note had not specified the exact time of her departure.† Nothing in the context qualifies his arrival as fortunate; the sentence merely states that he arrived in time without knowing that he would do so. The informal meaning is expressed here: â€Å"His fortuitous arrival at that very moment enabled him to intercept the incriminating letter.† In this sentence, the time of his appearance is identified as a lucky stroke. 5. Fulsome This term originally meant â€Å"abundant, generous, full,† but that sense was rendered obsolete when the word acquired a negative connotation of â€Å"offensive, excessive, effusive.† Conservative descriptivists rail against the use of fulsome in a positive sense, but the cold, hard fact is that this sense has been increasingly resurgent for many years, and the adulatory meaning is now much more common than the condemnatory one. If you wish to stand fast before the tsunami of inevitability, be my guest, but fulsome as an exquisite insult has been consigned to the dustbin of history. Some commentators recommend that because of the word’s ambiguity, it’s best to avoid its use altogether. If you insist, make sure the context is clear. 6. Ironic The impact of ironic has been diluted because many people use it to mean â€Å"coincidental,† when its traditional definition is â€Å"counter to expectations or what is appropriate.† 7. Literally Some folks get exercised when this term is used in place of its antonym, figuratively. However, in a hyperbolic sense, that meaning is justified. Unfortunately, that sense is literally overused. 8. Notorious This term is occasionally used in a neutral sense, but that’s not an error, but the word literally means â€Å"known.† However, its dominant connotation is that the fame is a result of infamy. 9. Peruse This victim of definition reversal literally means â€Å"to use thoroughly,† and its first sense is that of careful steady or attentive reading. However, many writers (myself included) have employed it as a synonym for scan enough writers, as a matter of fact, that its second sense is â€Å"to look over or through in a casual or cursory manner. Unfortunately, these mirror meanings mean that if you use the word, I advise you to support it with context that clarifies the intended sense. 10. Plethora Plethora originally referred to an excess of something, but that usage is rare now, and more often the sense is simply of abundance. The medical meaning of swelling caused by an excess of blood is all but unknown. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictThat vs. WhichHow to Style Legislative Terms

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example onjunction with having pursued additional course modules on English as a Second Language at ELS Charlotte, English language at the English Language Center, and Intermediate Algebra I acknowledged that in contemporary times, the role that technology plays in education is paramount. I would like to specialize on technology tools, applications, development of instructional designs that integrate technology in the fast changing contemporary learning environment, among others. I strongly believe that Utah State University accords the most effective dynamic and multi-dimensional approach that would assist in achieving my goals. As I am indebted to my home country for according me with opportunities for professional growth, I plan to apply what I would be learning in advanced knowledge, skills, and competencies to educational institutions in my home country; where I plan to teach in post-secondary or undergraduate levels. I am confident that the wealth of diverse learning that would be generated from Utah State University would enable me to be an instrumental contributor to the growths and developments of students who would be under my direct tutelage; and more so, on the educational institutions that I plan to propose improvements in the learning

Information Systems and Processing Controls Assignment

Information Systems and Processing Controls - Assignment Example Moreover, they provide balances and checks that are only spotted on calculation errors in the business books, and the also the mismatched entry of items. According to Tyler (2013) found out that audit software aided the auditor in generating models and simulations that are of help to study the financial approach of the business, and how it can be restructured. In addition, the auditor can also use the model to judge the potential risk that is posed by the current system. The computer-assisted audits lead to increased accuracy of the audit results by reducing the overall time spent on transactions. It also lessens disruption to business activities by reducing the amount of documentation you need to retrieve, thereby saving your time and money. Tyler (2013) asserted that the program audit performed a wide variety of tasks like recalling calculated interest from invoices; analytical procedures; testing the configuration of the operating system; re-performing the calculations that have been done by the accounting systems entity. Subsequent advantages are; there are long-term economies, it reads the actual records, deals with large volumes of transactions. The schedules and reports that have been generated by the computer are more objective and professional thus enhancing communication of data. According to Wavomba (2010) reported that the organization gains assurance regarding the accuracy of the transactional data and the extent to which the business transactions adhere to controls and comply with policies. The consisted use of the automated transaction analysis and continuous monitoring enables real-time independent testing and validation of critical data. To sum up, it improves management of auditing procedures. Integrated test facility package is a quality control responsibility that utilizes, monitors, and controls the dummy test data through existing programs and checks the existence and adequacy of  program data entry controls and processing controls (Koch, 2009).  

Battle οf Leyte Gulf Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Battle ÃŽ ¿f Leyte Gulf - Essay Example The Japanese lost four carriers, three battle ships, six cruisers, together with up to 10000 sailors and number f trained pilots19. The main objective to capture this island was to have an advanced base for the final assault on southern Japan. The American Army and Marines landed at Okinawa on April 1, 1945. The Japanese opened a furious aerial counterattack, which included more than 350 Kamikaze attacks against U.S. ships and ground forces. Consequently, on April 8, 1945 the Allied Air Force began a campaign to destroy the Kamikaze bases in Japan. (Westphal Jr 267-268) However, the enemy attack continued in its intensity and by June 22, about 1,900 suicide planes had struck against Allied forces at Okinawa, sinking 25 ships. All the Kamikaze attack caused extraordinary Allied casualties. The Japanese did not have enough resources left for suicidal attack at the Okinawa bridgehead. The Japanese lost 7800 ac against 763 f allies in Leyte operation20. The good coordination f the joint forces as well as the combined forces was very critical to the allied victory. This could be possible because f the good command and control structure under the able leadership f Gen Macarthur. (Coles 576-577) The Strategic air offensive against Japan by B-29 had been going on for months. The Boeing B-29 Superfortress had been introduced into service in 1944. A successor f B-17, it had a much greater range and payload and a pressurized cabin that allowed it to fly over 30,000 feet. It was heavily armed with remote controlled gun. The new Twentieth Bomber Command was shifted from China and based in the Marianas. Attacks on Japan began on June 14, 194521. Initially the B-29s used to attack the Japanese cities by dropping incendiary bombs. After four month f saturation bombing, Japan had hardly any target left to attack except Hiroshima and Nagasaki22. The U.S political leaders wanted Japan's unconditional surrender. But Japanese had been asking for preservation f monarchy. On 26 July 1945, the western powers issued a final warning and surrender demand to Japan. U.S leadership agreed that if the Japanese refused to accept the unconditional surrender the Atomic Bomb must be used. The Atom Bomb Attack. On 25 July 1945, the Strategic Air Command in the Pacific was ordered to launch the atomic attacks any time after 3rd August. One f the scientists f nuclear weapon test committee, Stimson opined that, the atom bomb should be used in a surprise attack on an important war installation surrounded by housing. A specially trained B-29 group, with planes modified to carry the atom bomb, was based on Tinian. On the morning f August 6, a B-29 dropped a uranium bomb on Hiroshima with a power equivalent to 14,000 tons f TNT. On 09 July 1945, another B-29, being unable to hit Kokura, its primary target, dropped a plutonium bomb on Nagasaki. The Americans would have had a third atomic attack by August 15, but on August 10, President Truman ruled that no more bombs be used until further notice. On August 15, Japan announced its surrender. But final

The Fisher King and Lost in Translation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Fisher King and Lost in Translation - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that in the movie ‘Fisher King’ sound is at the heart of the story of Jack Lucas, who was a radio personality. As a radio personality, he connected with his audience via sound. Sound and music were the vehicles with which he propelled his radio career. At the start of the movie, we see Jack using canned sounds in order to stage his show, to cue his callers and to basically project a kind of online personality that was intelligent, quick thinking, and generally upbeat. The use of certain tracks such as ‘Hit the Road Jack’ seems handpicked to convey a kind of carefree attitude, and it is unfortunate that this carefree attitude also resulted in Jack giving a piece of advice that he did not reflect much about, but which led to the caller translating what Jack said literally and open-firing on a crowd in a yuppie restaurant. It turns out that Robin Williams was there with his wife, and it was because of Jack’s advice that Robin Williams’ wife was killed by gunfire. Here the diegetic sounds at the beginning are canned but very relevant to the story. One can see too that the lyrics to the song ‘Hit the Road Jack’ seem in hindsight to have been a premonition of things to come for the man. He would literally hit the road after being traumatized by the shooting in the restaurant, realizing that is was his advice on the radio that led the man to commit the crime. He had been undone by a sense of guilt and went on a downward spiral. In a later scene, with Jack trying to get Parry hooked up with Lydia, the movie again resorts to this diegetic formula in the form of Jack staging a â€Å"radio show†-like audio atmosphere to get Lydia to sign up to Anne’s video service. Again here the diegetic elements are orchestrated to reinforce the fundamental messages and themes of the story, of Jack using a radio show atmosphere to redeem himself from the rest aurant massacre that he believed he had a part in, by coaxing the caller/murderer with ill-conceived nonchalant advice. The radio show formula is the key diegetic element in this part of the movie.

The Big Bang Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Big Bang Theory - Essay Example The big bang theory is yet another one of its kind that seeks to explain the origin of life and the existence of matter and the whole universe. The Big Bang theory is built on the foundation that in the very beginning, estimated like fifteen billion of years ago, the universe was in an infinite form. Nothing was in existence other than the plasma soup. Now, all the energy and the matter were compressed in just one place. Then (Hawking and Ellis 213), a tremendous explosion occurred, that kicked off the process of expanding the universe that forced the universe to take a definite shape. As a result, of this explosion, all particles of matter that were broken into extremely tiny microscopic particles were thrown about, away such that no any single one was close to each other (Hawking & Ellis 215). Thus, from when the big bang occurred, there has been an expansion of the universe endlessly in all directions, thus moving the galaxies to their present day position. The theory asserts that the universe was too hot in the subsequent period following the explosion. Thereafter, all the particles that were thrown all over began to cool down. The cooling down of these particles eventually started the long process of forming matter, by crumpling to each other. As the cooling process continued, it created a conducive environment for the matter to mature. The matter so formed started to decay, as the universe expansion continued. They eventually formed up the composite particles, commonly known protons, neutrons and electrons (Eastman and Missler 112). The composite particles, soon after, started reacting with each other, forming the hydrogen isotope. These are the basis of life, as we know it today. However, many misconceptions relate to this theory. While there is an argument that a massive explosion took place that sent off different particles of matter that are the beginning of life, there is also a counter argument that no actual explosions took place. The proponents of this view (Hawking & Ellis) argue that a series of endless expansion took place. According to them, the expansion created more space and altered the temperatures that initially existed in the universe. This change of temperatures allowed the cooling down of particles, thus creating a desirable condition for the elements of life to thrive. Another counter argument is that (Eastman and Missler 116), at the very beginning, space did not exist. It has developed over time, as does the rest of matter. With such a view, then we cannot know where the energy, matter and the plasma soup existed. The causes of this theory are highlighted by certain underlying opinions (Andreeva 24). First, there is a thought that the universe must have had a beginning (Eastman and Missler 118). Whichever it was, it is not satisfactorily put across. This only serves to seek an explanation for this beginning. Another reason for the establishment of this theory is the fact that the galaxies seems to keep moving away, a clear suggestion that the expansion of the universe does happen. That the elements of life, hydrogen and helium, are found in the universe further needs an explanation (Hawking and Ellis 230), that the big bang theory has sought to provide. The theory also stems from the ideology that some heat residuals should have remained in the universe. This is supported by the discovery of the cosmic microwave that occurred in 1965 (Eastman and Miss